Move or migrate user accounts from old Linux server to a new Linux server

      Steps:

       

     Please ensure to keep the system users at the top on /etc/passwd.  There should be no override of user-ids.  Please copy following files/dirs is required for traditional Linux user management.

* /etc/passwd – contains various pieces of information for each user account

* /etc/shadow – contains the encrypted password information for user’s accounts and optional the password aging information.

* /etc/group – defines the groups to which users belong

* /etc/gshadow – group shadow file (contains the encrypted password for group)

* /var/spool/mail – Generally user emails are stored here. (If required)

* /home – All Users data is stored here. – home directory can be any other directory instead of /home. It depends on the type of account (general/technical). Please ensure to copy the SSH keys.

Commands to type on old Linux system

First create a tar ball of old uses (old Linux system). Create a directory:

# mkdir /root/move/

Setup UID filter limit:

# export UGIDLIMIT=500

Now copy /etc/passwd accounts to /root/move/passwd.mig using awk to filter out system account (i.e. only copy user accounts)

# awk -v LIMIT=$UGIDLIMIT -F: '($3>=LIMIT) && ($3!=65534)' /etc/passwd > /root/move/passwd.mig

Copy /etc/group file:

# awk -v LIMIT=$UGIDLIMIT -F: '($3>=LIMIT) && ($3!=65534)' /etc/group > /root/move/group.mig

Copy /etc/shadow file:

# awk -v LIMIT=$UGIDLIMIT -F: '($3>=LIMIT) && ($3!=65534) {print $1}' /etc/passwd | tee - |egrep -f - /etc/shadow > /root/move/shadow.mig

Copy /etc/gshadow (rarely used):

# cp /etc/gshadow /root/move/gshadow.mig

Make a backup of /home and /var/spool/mail dirs:

# tar -zcvpf /root/move/home.tar.gz /home

# tar -zcvpf /root/move/mail.tar.gz /var/spool/mail

Where,

Users that are added to the Linux system always start with UID and GID values of as specified by Linux distribution or set by admin. Limits according to different Linux distro:

RHEL/CentOS/Fedora Core : Default is 500 and upper limit is 65534 (/etc/libuser.conf).

Debian and Ubuntu Linux : Default is 1000 and upper limit is 29999 (/etc/adduser.conf).

You should never ever create any new system user accounts on the newly installed Cent OS Linux. So above awk command filter out UID according to Linux distro.

export UGIDLIMIT=500 – setup UID start limit for normal user account. Set this value as per your Linux distro.

awk -v LIMIT=$UGIDLIMIT -F: ‘($3>=LIMIT) && ($3!=65534)’ /etc/passwd > /root/move/passwd.mig – You need to pass UGIDLIMIT variable to awk using -v option (it assigns value of shell variable UGIDLIMIT to awk program variable LIMIT). Option -F: sets the field separator to : . Finally awk read each line from /etc/passwd, filter out system accounts and generates new file /root/move/passwd.mig. Same logic is applies to rest of awk command.

tar -zcvpf /root/move/home.tar.gz /home – Make a backup of users /home dir

tar -zcvpf /root/move/mail.tar.gz /var/spool/mail – Make a backup of users mail dir

Use scp or usb pen or tape to copy /root/move to a new Linux system.

# scp -r /root/move/* user@new.linuxserver.com:/path/to/location

Commands to type on new Linux system

First, make a backup of current users and passwords:

# mkdir /root/newsusers.bak

# cp /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/gshadow /root/newsusers.bak

Now restore passwd and other files in /etc/

# cd /path/to/location

# cat passwd.mig >> /etc/passwd

# cat group.mig >> /etc/group

# cat shadow.mig >> /etc/shadow

# /bin/cp gshadow.mig /etc/gshadow

Please note that you must use >> (append) and not > (create) shell redirection.

Now copy and extract home.tar.gz to new server /home

# cd /

# tar -zxvf /path/to/location/home.tar.gz

Now copy and extract mail.tar.gz (Mails) to new server /var/spool/mail

# cd /

# tar -zxvf /path/to/location/mail.tar.gz

Now reboot system; when the Linux comes back, your user accounts will work as they did before on old system:

# reboot